Bitsol

BACKGROUND

Introduce your business and what you do there.

I'm the founder and CEO of ElevateImpact, Inc., a collaborative platform and consulting service that connects clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates to share resources, insights, and tools. We aim to accelerate patient-centered innovation in healthcare, especially for sickle cell disease and rare conditions.

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What challenge were you trying to address with Bitsol?

We needed help reviewing our current website build, including bug fixes, GDPR compliance, and scaling the solution for future enhancements.

SOLUTION

What was the scope of their involvement?

Bitsol has reviewed our website's foundational code and enhanced the existing code. The team has also worked on GDPR compliance and scaling. Regarding features, Bitsol has worked on internal pages, the database, admin user functions, and key networking features.

Bitsol has served as a key technical partner across our healthcare technology platform, supporting the design, development, enhancement, integration, and ongoing maintenance of Elevate Impact’s digital platform and related systems. They reviewed and strengthened the foundational code to improve scalability, security, and overall performance, while also supporting GDPR compliance and reinforcing backend infrastructure. Their work spans both front-end and back-end development, including enhancements to end-user features, administrative functionality, and system integrations, ensuring a seamless and reliable experience across the platform.

What is the team composition?

We've worked with 2–5 teammates from Bitsol.

How did you come to work with Bitsol?

We found them through LinkedIn outreach. We chose them because our company values aligned, and they specialized in healthcare technology.

What is the status of this engagement?

We started working with them in December 2025, and the engagement is ongoing.

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What evidence can you share that demonstrates the impact of the engagement?

Bitsol has fixed over 150 bugs and delivered five key features. The team has also designed and completed a new LMS page. Overall, we've seen speed and functionality improvements. Our internal team has tested the features, and they work as expected. Bitsol has been a strong technical partner in advancing our healthcare technology platform. They reviewed and strengthened our foundational code, ensuring it is scalable, secure, and built for long-term growth. Their work has spanned critical areas including GDPR compliance, backend infrastructure, and enhancements to both end-user features and admin functionality. What stands out is their ability to operate across the full stack while maintaining a clear understanding of our broader goals. They’ve been thoughtful, responsive, and consistent in delivering high-quality work that moves the platform forward.

How did Bitsol perform from a project management standpoint?

Bitsol's project management is excellent. They communicate in a timely fashion and have weekly check-in meetings. The team has captured updates in a systemic way and delivered on time.

What did you find most impressive about them?

I'm impressed with Bitsol's ability to communicate and manage the project. They also work quickly and have a dedicated team whenever required.

Are there any areas they could improve?

I can't think of anything for Bitsol to improve.

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the CMO of Soteri Skin Inc

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

Medical Skincare coompany with OTC Eczema Topicals 

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol to accomplish?

• Maintain and enhance our skincare e-commerce platform with ongoing product page customizations, theme updates, UTM tracking, and operational support to improve customer experience and conversion.
• Redesign and rebuild the full Soteri Skin website on Shopify with a modern layout, improved product presentation, SEO optimization, and Google Analytics integration

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol?

Referral

Why did you select Bitsol over others?

• High ratings
• Great culture fit
• Good value for cost
• Referred to me
• Great Talent

How many teammates from Bitsol were assigned to this project?

2-5 Employees

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

Bitsol helped us develop our Shopify website, translating design files in Figma into a fully functional site.

They also built a custom Shopify dashboard tailored to our operational needs.

In addition, Bitsol supports our day-to-day e-commerce operations, including integrating apps, customizing promotional offers, and troubleshooting technical issues as they arise.

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

Ongoing maintaince with regular product page updates, theme customizations, and UTM tracking across all marketing channels. Website redesign is on track with initial pages delivered and full site targeting first week of April completion.

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

Bitsol consistently delivered our projects on time and within budget. They are excellent problem-solvers, able to troubleshoot issues and quickly find effective solutions. The team is also very friendly, responsive, and easy to work with. They respond quickly to our needs and have proven to be true partners. I greatly value their support and rely on them for our ongoing e-commerce operations.

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol?

• Virtual Meeting
• Email or Messaging App

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

They are able to troubleshoot whatever we throw their way and always find a solution. The team is resourceful, responsive, and consistently figures things out quickly. They are also very friendly and a pleasure to work with, while offering great value for the price.

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol could have done differently?

N/A

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the Product Lead of SkinSAFE

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

SkinSAFE is a digital platform that helps consumers discover safe, allergy-friendly skincare and beauty products through ingredient analysis, product curation, and personalized recommendations.

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol to accomplish?

• Rebuild the SkinSAFE mobile app in Flutter for cross-platform iOS and Android — enabling users to search and scan products, check ingredient safety ratings, and find healthier alternatives that avoid allergens and skin sensitivities.
• Establish an ongoing development partnership to continuously improve the platform with new features, performance optimization, and regular production releases — maintaining a trusted healthcare product used by tens of thousands.

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol?

Referral

Why did you select Bitsol over others?

• Pricing fit our budget
• Referred to me

How many teammates from Bitsol were assigned to this project?

2-5 Employees

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

Bitsol was engaged to redesign and rebuild our legacy iOS and Android applications using Flutter, with the goal of creating a modern, scalable, and high-performing mobile experience. Their scope of work included collaborating on product design and technical specifications, implementing the mobile applications from the ground up, and ensuring feature parity with enhancements over the previous versions.

Key deliverables included fully functional iOS and Android apps built on Flutter, improved UI/UX aligned with current design standards, integration with our backend APIs, and a streamlined release process for both app stores. They also established a structured development workflow, including sprint planning, QA processes, and release management.

Currently, the team continues to manage end-to-end mobile development, including ongoing feature development, bug fixes, performance optimizations, and app store releases. The engagement includes a dedicated mobile developer, QA engineer, and project manager who work closely with our internal team.

They have been highly proactive, flexible with work hours when needed, and consistently bring thoughtful solutions to complex technical and product challenges.

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

Successfully launched the rebuilt SkinSAFE Flutter app on Google Play and iOS App Store. The platform continues to serve tens of thousands of users. The team has shipped 180+ production builds with continuous feature releases and zero disruption.

Maintained ongoing production stability with regular release cycles across iOS and Android — including authentication improvements, UI enhancements, and backend optimizations — all without downtime to the live user base.

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

Their project management has been very effective and well-structured. They follow a clear sprint-based approach with regular planning, status updates, and communication, which keeps the project organized and transparent.

They consistently deliver items on time and are reliable in meeting deadlines. When there are dependencies or changes in scope, they communicate proactively and adjust timelines accordingly without impacting overall progress.

They are also very responsive to our needs. Whether it’s addressing urgent issues, incorporating feedback, or iterating on features, they are quick to respond and flexible in adapting to changing requirements. Overall, they function as a true partner rather than just a vendor, maintaining strong communication and accountability throughout the project.

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol?

• Virtual Meeting
• Email or Messaging App

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

What stands out most is their strong sense of ownership and partnership. They don’t just execute tasks—they actively think through problems, suggest better approaches, and contribute to product and technical decisions in a meaningful way.

Their ability to balance speed with quality is particularly impressive. They are proactive, flexible with work hours when needed, and consistently bring well-thought-out solutions to complex challenges.

Additionally, their communication and reliability set them apart. We can trust them to follow through, adapt quickly, and stay aligned with our goals, which makes them feel like an extension of our internal team rather than an external vendor.

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol could have done differently?

Overall, we’ve had a very positive experience working with the team. If there is one area for improvement, it would be around more proactive long-term planning and documentation, particularly as the product continues to scale.

At times, additional upfront documentation or more detailed technical design specs could help streamline future development and onboarding. That said, the team has always been receptive to feedback and quick to adapt when we’ve raised suggestions.

Overall, any gaps have been minor, and their responsiveness and willingness to improve have made them easy to work with.

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the Founder/CEO of Running Mate

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

Running Mate is a real-time, on demand app that matches verified safe mates with runners when the runner is ready to go.  We are like uber for runners.

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol to accomplish?

• UX/IX redesign

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol?

Met at an event in San Francisco

Why did you select Bitsol over others?

• Pricing fit our budget
• Javeed was outstanding and helped me walk through the process until I felt comfortable

How many teammates from Bitsol were assigned to this project?

2-5 Employees

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

We were in need of a redesign of running mate due to market feedback as well as feature updates. Javeed and his team did an outstanding job listening to our needs and implementing them into the UX/IX redesign. 

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

The team delivered the new UX/IX to my in-house dev team to implement.  They were early in completion but stayed on track with meetings and deliverables. 

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

They were not only on time but early.  They listened during each meeting to our needs and made changes quickly if needed.  

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol?

Virtual Meeting

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

Javeed was always available to communicate with me and answer my questions as needed. He was flexible and understood my concern with allowing an outside vendor to get involved in our tech stack.  He worked with me through the entire process and ultimately delivered exactly what we envisioned for redesign.  He even had some additional suggestions on flow and other design elements that we implemented due to his experience and knowledge. 

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol could have done differently?

I would have given them the entire project to not only redesign but also implement all changes; however, my current dev team is inhouse and I had to stick with them for the actual implementation. Javeed and team would have delivered much quicker based on our conversations and timelines and if I have to build anything again, he will be my first call. 

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the Founder and CEO of AURA FEM HEALTH

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

Digital Lifestyle Medicine for Perimenopausal Women

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol Technologies to accomplish?

• Practitioner SaaS
• User App

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol Technologies?

Referral

Why did you select Bitsol Technologies over others?

• Great culture fit
• Referred to me
• Company values aligned

How many teammates from Bitsol Technologies were assigned to this project?

2-5 Employees

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

I engaged Bitsol to support the development of the AURA Fem Health platform, which includes three major components:

• Consumer Mobile App
• Practitioner SaaS Platform
• Marketing Website

Below is a clear outline of the scope and deliverables we aligned on during the project:

 
1. Consumer Mobile App (AURA App)
Platform: Flutter (later migrated from FlutterFlow)
Core Deliverables:

• Core Architecture
• Clean Flutter architecture
• Xano backend integration
• Secure authentication and user session handling
• Assessment & Personalised Plan
• Multi-level Women’s Health Assessment (34 questions)
• API integration to generate personalised wellness plans
• Root-cause analysis display
• Dynamic “Daily Flow” (nutrition, movement, rituals, supplements)
• Timezone-aware Unix timestamp scheduling
• User Experience Features
• Habit creation, tracking & push reminders
• Community threads (posting, tagging, practitioner/AI replies)
• Progress view and check-ins
• AI chat interface
• Onboarding flow with personalised letter
• Cycle tracking (where included in scope)

2. Practitioner SaaS Platform (Web Portal)
Platform: React + Xano + Stripe + Calendly + Vimeo
Core Deliverables:

• Practitioner Dashboard
• Secure login
• Profile creation, expertise tags, availability
• Client Management
• View user assessments, daily flows & progress
• Ability to comment, support or message through threads
• Booking integration (Calendly)
• Program Management
• Upload and manage video programs (Vimeo embed)
• PDF / worksheet uploads
• Pricing and product setup
• Payments & Subscriptions
• Stripe integration
• Practitioner subscription tiers ($50/month)
• Revenue share logic (consultation margin / program margin)
• Dashboard for earnings and activity
• Analytics & Insights
• View interventions, user engagement, session metrics
• Practitioner-specific events tracked via GTM

 
3. Website (Landing Pages + Events)
Platform: React / Next.js or equivalent
Core Deliverables:

• Core marketing site build (Home, About, Practitioners, Events, Blog)
• Fully responsive design
• Sign-up flows integrated with backend
• Event listing pages
• SEO setup
• DNS configuration (Hostinger + Google Workspace)
• Google Search Console + Analytics setup
• Pixel integrations (Meta, TikTok, LinkedIn, Google Ads)
• Newsletter/Lead capture integrations (Brevo, if in scope)

4. Additional Cross-Platform Deliverables

• Security
• Vulnerability scanning for React frontend + Xano backend
• HTTPS & SSL configuration
• Secure data flow and token handling
• CI/CD & Deployment
• App store builds (iOS/Android)
• Website deployment
• Practitioner portal deployment
• Support & Communication
• Weekly sprint calls
• Fixes, iterations, and QA
• Guidance on technical best practices

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

Bitsol delivered measurable progress across the entire AURA platform:

• 3 integrated products (app, practitioner SaaS, website)
• 100% core features implemented and migrated to stable Flutter architecture
• Full GTM/analytics + Stripe + Calendly integrations
• Security scans + deployment pipelines completed
• 80–90% UX stability improvement, <5 remaining bugs
• Website traffic + event conversions increased
• Practitioner subscription + program upload features live
• 10+ testers successfully onboarded

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

Project Management & Delivery
Bitsol managed a complex multi-platform build (app, practitioner SaaS, website) with flexibility and persistence. While some milestones took longer than originally estimated — partly due to evolving requirements and the technical depth of the platform — they consistently stayed engaged, problem-solved, and worked through issues until solutions were reached.

Responsiveness
Their communication was reliable. They were responsive on messages, open to feedback, and willing to adjust based on changing needs. I appreciated that when unexpected issues came up, they investigated quickly and provided updates rather than leaving things unclear.

Timeliness
Not every deliverable was completed on the initial timeline, but they made steady progress and ultimately delivered a fully functional integrated system. The team showed a genuine willingness to keep going until the work was completed to a workable standard.

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol Technologies?

Virtual Meeting

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

What impressed me most about Bitsol was their consistency in following through. Despite the complexity of the project, they delivered the core product as promised. Their commitment to completing the work — even when challenges came up or the scope evolved — stood out. Many teams start strong and lose momentum; Bitsol Technologies stayed the course until every major piece was in place.

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol Technologies could have done differently?

One area for improvement would be strengthening the co-creation aspect. Because the product is innovative and evolving, more proactive brainstorming, sharing alternative approaches, and challenging assumptions early on would have added even more value. A bit more strategic input — not just execution — would have elevated the partnership further.

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the Co-Founder of FINGEN, LLC

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

Asset Management as a Service or, stated another way, individually, customized Investment Portfolio Managment at genuine global scale. 

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol Technologies to accomplish?

• Design of a Graphical User Interface, both for web and mobile applications

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol Technologies?

Networking

Why did you select Bitsol Technologies over others?

• Close to my geographic location
• Pricing fit our budget
• Great culture fit
• Good value for cost
• Company values aligned
• Javeed is an exceptional individual.

How many teammates from Bitsol Technologies were assigned to this project?

2-5 Employees

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

Our enterprise needed to design a complex, multi-user Graphical User Interface on a compressed time frame.  

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

The team was highly efficient, professional, and got to grips with the complexities of the project in short order and, additionally, contributed invaluably to the end product.  The team was a joy and pleasure to work with, and they seemed genuinely excited about the substance of the business proposition.  We very much look forward to continuing this evolving collaboration with Bitsol for future technological developments projects, including embedded AI capabilities. 

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

Absolutely.  As stated elsewhere, the team was a pleasure to work with, and I would have zero reservations to recommending Javeed and the entire team to 3rd parties, in future! 

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol Technologies?

• In-Person Meeting
• Virtual Meeting

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

The team was highly amicable and personable, yet super professional and capable of providing bespoke insights to complex project requirements.  

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol Technologies could have done differently?

Nothing whatsoever.  We look forward with absolute enthusiasm to continuing this extremely prodcutive partnership/ collaboration, in short order, for other technological hurdles and development challenges which we currently face. 

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the CTO of Emumba

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

Emumba is a global software services company enabling innovation for fortune 500 customers.

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol Technologies to accomplish?

• The key goals were to enhance user engagement, streamline content moderation with AI tools, improve mobile usability, optimize backend scalability, and strengthen user loyalty with new features.

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol Technologies?

Referral

Why did you select Bitsol Technologies over others?

• High ratings
• Good value for cost
• Company values aligned

How many teammates from Bitsol Technologies were assigned to this project?

11-15

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

We partnered with Bitsol to enhance Qatar’s largest online community and classifieds platform. This project focused on revitalizing key verticals, including:

• Classifieds
• Services
• Jobs
• Content
• Rewards
• Mobile App

Key Objectives:

• Enhancing user engagement with a more intuitive and interactive experience.
• Streamlining content moderation using AI-driven tools for efficiency and accuracy.
• Improving mobile usability for a seamless on-the-go experience.
• Optimizing backend scalability to support growing user demand.
• Boosting user loyalty through innovative new features.

Bitsol is delivering a high-quality, AI-powered platform that continues to serve as a valuable resource for the Qatar community.

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

• Migrated native mobile apps to a React Native framework for improved efficiency and cross-platform compatibility.
• Redesigned the mobile app, driving user growth to over 1 million active users.
• Implemented and scaled a robust backend infrastructure to support high traffic and performance.
• Designed and developed a web application, including a complete revamp of Classifieds, Services, Jobs, Content, and Rewards modules.
• Integrated AI-powered automated content moderation for enhanced accuracy and efficiency.
• Successfully migrated infrastructure from Google Cloud to Azure Cloud for better scalability and performance.
• Optimized Azure cloud for enhanced scalability and cost efficiency.

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

The team demonstrated strong ownership and proactive communication, consistently delivering work on time. They were highly responsive, prioritizing our business needs and adapting seamlessly as required. Their supportive and collaborative approach made them a valuable partner throughout the project.

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol Technologies?

• In-Person Meeting
• Virtual Meeting
• Email or Messaging App

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

What stood out most about Bitsol Technologies was its strong commitment to excellence, adaptability, and innovation. Their ability to communicate proactively, and consistently deliver high-quality work on time was truly impressive.

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol Technologies could have done differently?

While Bitsol delivered excellent work, there is always room for refinement. More structured documentation can improve maintenance and collaboration. However, their overall performance and commitment to quality were outstanding.

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the CEO of Kwantum Leap Group

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

Help young (under-40) talent discover multiple paths to maximize their career potential 

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol Technologies to accomplish?

• Develop MVP for new innovative spin on mentoring

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol Technologies?

Referral

Why did you select Bitsol Technologies over others?

• Pricing fit our budget
• Good value for cost
• Referred to me
• Company values aligned

How many teammates from Bitsol Technologies were assigned to this project?

2-5 Employees

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

Bitsol took Figma prototype screens & functional specs and built a working MVP mobile app that is being used cross-platform (iOS & Android), alongside a Google Firebase database and deployed both apps to their respective App Stores

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

Mobile app was deployed and is being used in live pilots with different organizations.

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

The team took a little more time to understand some of the trickier technical challenges, but went away to do research and proposed viable solutions to meet the functional requirements. This delayed the project a few weeks, but it was a good back-and-forth discussion. More detailed explanations of the functional requirements up-front would help speed things up in the future. 

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol Technologies?

Virtual Meeting

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

Quality of development and care for their work was most impressive, especially given their value for money price point. They didn't give the impression that they just wanted to rush the work and stick some inexperienced developer to work with you. A team effort was present throughout and SMEs were brought in during design discussions. Bitsol Technologies' lines of communication were also always open and very responsive which was great!  

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol Technologies could have done differently?

More asking of questions to the end user when things aren't clear would help keep timelines on track. But overall, very happy with this initial pilot project, and hope to re-engage in the future for further updates & new projects. 

BACKGROUND

Please describe your company and position.

I am the Founder & CEO of Touch'd

Describe what your company does in a single sentence.

We're a technology company with a mobile product in the communications space called Touch'd. 

OPPORTUNITY / CHALLENGE

What specific goals or objectives did you hire Bitsol Technologies to accomplish?

• Stabilize and redesign the existing Touch’d mobile app to enhance its performance and scalability.
• Ensure the app is stable and scalable, support Touch’d in securing local and international recognitions, and leverage IBM Watson™ for cognitive relationship management.

SOLUTION

How did you find Bitsol Technologies?

Referral

Why did you select Bitsol Technologies over others?

• Close to my geographic location
• Great culture fit
• Good value for cost
• Referred to me

How many teammates from Bitsol Technologies were assigned to this project?

2-5 Employees

Describe the scope of work in detail. Please include a summary of key deliverables.

The scope included rescuing a bad architectural foundation and set up the code base to be efficient and maintainable, and build the necessary front-end and backend services to satisfy the requirements of the product. 

Key deliverables were the Android mobile app binaries and code and the PHP and MySQL backend. 

RESULTS & FEEDBACK

What were the measurable outcomes from the project that demonstrate progress or success?

When our relationship with BitSol started, we had a dysfunctional app that was a nightmare to maintain and improve, and by the end of our relationship with BitSol, we had a high-performing, highly maintainable app uploaded on the Appstore.

Describe their project management. Did they deliver items on time? How did they respond to your needs?

We didn't have any issues related to timely delivery, and if there were any delays due to unavoidable circustances, they were always willing to discuss and make up for it in a mutually satisfactory manner.

What was your primary form of communication with Bitsol Technologies?

• In-Person Meeting
• Email or Messaging App

What did you find most impressive or unique about this company?

Their focus on quality is their most impressive trait. This sometimes conflicted with our need to innovate and move quickly. But their starting position on maintaining quality was so high, that any compromise we reached to satisfy our speed to market requirements were almost always more than good enough in terms of customer expectations for the final product quality.

Are there any areas for improvement or something Bitsol Technologies could have done differently?

They're pretty good at what they do. If I were to wish for something, it would be for them to attempt at a couple of indigenous product development, if for no other reason than to better empathize with their clients, and approach product dev from a startup's perspective rather than an agency perspective.