Top Digital Marketing Agencies in New York
From Madison Avenue’s storied ad roots to today’s Silicon Alley startups, the state of New York is a global proving ground for digital marketing talent. Whether you need a nimble social media marketing agency in New York for a product launch or an enterprise-scale growth partner, Clutch makes it easy to sort through the state’s crowded field.
Every profile on our platform is backed by in-depth client interviews, transparent ratings, and detailed service data, so you can hire with confidence. Use the filters to narrow results by budget, industry, or hourly rate and connect with the best digital marketing companies the state of New York offers—without the guesswork.
Helpful Links
• Explore the full Top Digital Marketing Companies directory
• Compare nearby markets: New Jersey, Philadelphia
• Need healthcare expertise? Check out NYC Digital Marketing Agencies for Healthcare & Pharma
Use these resources to refine your shortlist and connect with the best digital marketing agency the state has for your unique goals.
-
Featured
What are Featured Providers?
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr50 - 249Serves New YorkServices provided
See all 38 projectsCodedesign is a versatile digital marketing agency specializing in SEO, SEA, and website optimization. Client feedback highlights their technical proficiency and strategic approach, with 100% of reviews noting their responsiveness and adherence to timelines. Codedesign's cultural fit and value for cost are frequently mentioned, with 70% of reviewers emphasizing their strong understanding of business needs and dedication to successful outcomes.
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Serves New YorkServices provided
See all 108 projectsThrive Internet Marketing Agency, a comprehensive digital marketing firm specializing in SEO, Google Ads, social media management, and web development, is consistently praised for its responsive communication and professional project management. Approximately 90% of reviewers highlight their timely delivery and friendly culture, while a few note the need for improved industry-specific understanding. Overall, 85% of the feedback is positive, emphasizing their high ratings and culture fit.
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr50 - 249Serves New YorkServices provided
See all 365 projectsDisruptive Advertising is a full-service digital marketing agency specializing in PPC, SEO, and overall digital strategy. Based on reviews, the company receives positive feedback for its comprehensive approach, expertise, and communication, with over 85% of reviews highlighting their detailed project management and client-focused service. Nonetheless, one review from a larger client indicates dissatisfaction with performance and cost management for high-budget campaigns.
$1,000+Undisclosed50 - 249Serves New YorkServices provided
See all 147 projectsIntero Digital is a digital marketing agency specializing in SEO, digital PR, content marketing, and web design. Overall feedback indicates a high level of customer satisfaction, with approximately 70% of reviews praising their strategic approach, responsiveness, and successful project outcomes. However, certain reviews highlight significant shortcomings in campaign management and project delivery, accounting for about 30% of negative feedback.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Foundry 360 is a Market Research company. Launched in 2019, the team provides Market Research and Content Marketing. The firm is located in Royal Oak, Michigan and New York, New York.
Read more -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Aliiiens, a small branding company, is in New York, New York. The team specializes in Branding and Content Marketing.
Read more -
Featured
What are Featured Providers?
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Serves New YorkServices provided
See all 12 projectsScaledOn is an agency specializing in Amazon account management, PPC management, listing optimization, and digital marketing. Across their reviews, 100% of clients commend their responsiveness, expertise, and data-driven strategies, with significant improvements in sales and ROI. Approximately 70% of reviewers emphasize their strong communication and alignment with client goals, showcasing their dedication to client success.
$50,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Serves New YorkServices provided
See all 16 projectsHotspex Media is a digital marketing agency specializing in omnichannel digital and traditional media services, including social media advertising, SEO, and out-of-home marketing. With 100% positive feedback, clients commend their exceptional project management, insightful media strategies, and innovative use of their Reticle platform for audience targeting. Their ability to deliver quantifiable outcomes and improve brand metrics consistently impresses clients, ensuring long-term partnerships.
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr250 - 999Serves New YorkServices provided
See all 39 projectsCoozmoo Digital. Solutions. Agency is a digital marketing company specializing in SEO, website design, and Google Ads management. The firm is praised for its professionalism, responsiveness, and strategic approach, with 100% of reviewers noting their organized project management and tailored strategies. Clients appreciate their ability to communicate clearly and deliver results, such as increased website traffic and improved search engine rankings. Some suggest enhancing AI usage for faster outcomes.
-
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
4Labs Digital is a Digital Strategy company. The New York, New York-based company provides Digital Strategy and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Pomona, NY
Services provided
Founded in 2014, TypoDuctions is a small social media marketing company in Pomona, New York. Their team specializes in Social Media Marketing and Web Design.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
SEO services firm Book Publishing Pulse is based in New York, New York. They offer Search Engine Optimization and Print Design and were launched in 2009.
Read more -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
THE WEB DESIGNER LLC is a SEO company launched in 2023. Their services include Search Engine Optimization and Web Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Bay Shore, NY
Services provided
ClickPrefer, an Insurance Services & Brokers company, is in Bay Shore, New York. They specialize in Insurance Services & Brokers and Branding and were launched in 2020.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Floral Park, NY
Services provided
Branding firm Innterax First Solutions is based in Floral Park, New York. They offer Branding and Social Media Marketing and were launched in 2022.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Small branding agency 3dFuzion, is in New York, New York and Palampur, India. The team focuses on Branding and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Get Xpourse is a branding agency. They were launched in 2012, and their services include Branding and Content Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Launched in 2008, Applied Design is a branding company. The team offers Branding and Content Marketing.
Read more -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Elite Author Publishing is a Content Marketing company. They provide Content Marketing and Content Writing Services and were founded in 2007.
Read more -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Solvars, an Advertising company, was established in 2024. In Sargodha, Pakistan and New York, New York, the team provides Advertising and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Buffalo, NY
Services provided
Branding agency Radish Agency provides Branding and Search Engine Optimization. They were launched in 2024.
Read more -
$25,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Launched in 2024, LFG Agency, LLC is a Performance Marketing company. The small team provides Performance Marketing and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Buffalo, NY
Services provided
Byte Books Publishing is an Advertising company. The small Buffalo, New York-based team specializes in Advertising and Other Marketing. The firm was founded in 2019.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Woodbury, NY
Services provided
Headquartered in Woodbury, New York, Slice Sports Management is a small Sports Marketing company. The team focuses on Sports Marketing and Public Relations.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Albany, NY
Services provided
Sungate Records is a branding company. They offer Branding and Marketing Strategy and were launched in 2018. The firm is in Albany, New York.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Newburgh, NY
Services provided
Digi Era Pro LLC, a branding firm, was established in 2018. The team specializes in Branding and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Visual Goodness is a Content Marketing company. The team is in New York, New York, and their services include Content Marketing and Web Design.
Read more -
$25,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Great Neck, NY
Services provided
Trinity Publishing Press is an Advertising company based in Great Neck, New York. Their services include Advertising and Media Planning & Buying.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Brooklyn, NY
Services provided
Evan Rutchik, an Advertising company, was established in 2004. The team specializes in Advertising and Branding and is located in Brooklyn, New York.
Read more -
Undisclosed$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
AMP IT UP PR is a branding agency. The team focuses on Branding and Search Engine Optimization and is in New York, New York.
Read more -
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Axis PR Network is a New York, New York-based branding firm. Founded in 2003, the team provides Branding and Public Relations.
Read more -
$1,000+$200 - $300 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Business Consulting company Ecomx Agency was established in 2014. Headquartered in New York, New York, the team offers Business Consulting and Web Design.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Small Other Marketing company Reindeer Publishers, is headquartered in New York, New York. Their services include Other Marketing and Other Digital Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49North Bellmore, NY
Services provided
Trestle Cart is a small Marketing Strategy company. They provide Marketing Strategy and Market Research and were founded in 2024.
Read more -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Woodmere, NY
Services provided
Atlas Media Group is an e-commerce development firm. Launched in 2022, the agency is in Woodmere, New York. Their team offers E-Commerce Development and Advertising.
Read more -
Undisclosed< $25 / hr10 - 49Brooklyn, NY
Services provided
Oxford Bookwriting is an Advertising company. Founded in 2024, their team provides Advertising and Content Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
HikeOne Creatives is a web design agency in New York, New York. They focus on Web Design and Web Development.
Read more -
$10,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Nova Ridge Publishing is an Advertising company located in New York, New York. They provide Advertising and Branding and were founded in 2017.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr10 - 49Kingston, NY
Services provided
Codistal Technologies is an user experience agency. The team specializes in UX/UI Design and Graphic Design and is located in Kingston, New York.
Read more -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Bronx, NY
Services provided
Launched in 2014, Urban SEO Center LLC, a small branding company, is headquartered in Bronx, New York. Their team focuses on Branding and Content Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed1,000 - 9,999New York, NY
Services provided
Launched in 1989, Horizon Media is an AR/VR development company. The team focuses on AR/VR development and Marketing Strategy and is in New York, New York.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9New York, NY
Services provided
SEO agency and social media marketing agency Who's Talkin' SEO Agency was established in 2016. The small team specializes in Search Engine Optimization and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Valhalla, NY
Services provided
Social media marketing firm Search Smart Marketing was founded in 2005. The small team offers Social Media Marketing and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249New York, NY
Services provided
DeltaX, a social media marketing agency and pay per click company, was established in 2012. The agency focuses on Social Media Marketing and Pay Per Click, and is midsize.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9New York, NY
Services provided
NYC SEM is a social media marketing company and PPC company. The New York, New York-based team focuses on Social Media Marketing and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Ridgewood, NY
Services provided
Content Marketing and SEO services firm BitterRoot Content is based in Ridgewood, New York. Launched in 2023, the team specializes in Content Marketing and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Legendary is a branding company. Founded in 2015, their team specializes in Branding and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hrFreelancerBuffalo, NY
Services provided
Your SEO Geek is a small Buffalo, New York-based SEO services firm. Their services include Search Engine Optimization and Content Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Launched in 2020, Durrok is a social media marketing company. The team specializes in Social Media Marketing and Email Marketing.
Read more -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr50 - 249New York, NY
Services provided
Imre is a Content Marketing company launched in 1993. The midsize team provides Content Marketing and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9New York, NY
Services provided
See all 1 projectsWebmetrix Group is a digital services provider, but their reputation is marred by a lack of deliverables and ineffective communication. Based on the reviews, 100% of feedback indicates dissatisfaction due to unmet project goals and poor management experiences. Clients highlight the need for improved communication and fulfillment of promises.
-
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Port Washington, NY
Services provided
Small SEO services firm Zola Creative, is in Port Washington, New York. Their services include Search Engine Optimization and Web Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9White Plains, NY
Services provided
Sheffield Media Group, LLC is a White Plains, New York-based Content Marketing company. Established in 2002, the team specializes in Content Marketing and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr2 - 9New York, NY
Services provided
Established in 2024, Algrosa is an Email Marketing company. The team offers Email Marketing and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Holtsville, NY
Services provided
Rockstar Digital Media is a SEO company. The Holtsville, New York-based agency focuses on Search Engine Optimization and Content Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9New York, NY
Services provided
NicholasChou.com is a PPC agency located in New York, New York. The team specializes in Pay Per Click and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9New York, NY
Services provided
Established in 2001, Blue Media Consulting is a small New York, New York-based SEO company. Their team focuses on Search Engine Optimization and Mobile & App Marketing.
Read more
Share your project goals, and we’ll connect you with verified partners who fit your budget and timeline.
Get My Matches
Tell us what you need — we’ll match you with top agencies in minutes.
Get My MatchesWhy Trust Clutch
At Clutch, we believe trust is the foundation of every business relationship. Our mission is to help buyers make confident, data-backed decisions informed by real client experiences.
Every review on Clutch undergoes a rigorous, human-led verification process to make sure it’s valid. Our team of specialists confirms the identity of each reviewer, ensures the project is legitimate, and only publishes reviews that meet our strict criteria.
Verification doesn’t stop at the point of publication. Our Trust & Safety team routinely audits older reviews against our guidelines. When reviews fall short of our standards, we remove them.
We evaluate service providers using a structured methodology that combines:
- In-depth client interviews and ratings
- Comprehensive project details
- Market presence
- Portfolio examples and industry recognition
This data powers tools like the Leaders Matrix, which helps you compare agencies directly. Our research team curates rankings by weighing verified reviews most heavily, so the most trusted and experienced providers rise to the top.
Using this unique combination of verified client feedback and provider-supplied insights, Clutch distills the most important details into clear, digestible summaries so you have everything you need to make confident, informed decisions quickly.
We take fraud seriously. Providers who violate our guidelines may face lower rankings, restricted visibility, or removal from the platform altogether.
Clutch’s commitment to transparency is ongoing. We’re constantly refining our systems to protect the integrity of reviews and support you in finding the right agency.
List of the Top 15 New York Digital Marketing Companies
-
Undisclosed$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
34.1/40.019.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Digital Marketing10% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
35.4/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
31.9/40.017/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Digital Marketing10% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr50 - 249New York, NY
Ability to deliver
32.2/40.017.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
65% Digital Marketing35% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Brooklyn, NY
Ability to deliver
35/40.019.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other -
$5,000+$25 - $49 / hr250 - 999Bohemia, NY
Ability to deliver
31/40.020/20 Reviews7/10 Clients & Experience4/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other -
$1,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
32.4/40.017.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
80% Digital Marketing20% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Huntington, NY
Ability to deliver
33.7/40.018.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Digital Marketing10% Other -
$10,000+Undisclosed250 - 999New York, NY
Ability to deliver
34.7/40.019.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Digital Marketing -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Brooklyn, NY
Ability to deliver
31.8/40.017/20 Reviews9.8/10 Clients & Experience5/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr50 - 249New York, NY
Ability to deliver
31.4/40.016.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Digital Marketing40% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
32.3/40.017.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
75% Digital Marketing25% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
32.2/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
65% Digital Marketing35% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
34.7/40.020/20 Reviews9.6/10 Clients & Experience5.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Digital Marketing -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Woodmere, NY
Ability to deliver
36/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other -
$1,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
28.3/40.013.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Digital Marketing -
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
32.8/40.017.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Digital Marketing -
Undisclosed$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
29.6/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.3/10 Clients & Experience5.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
80% Digital Marketing20% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr1,000 - 9,999New York, NY
Ability to deliver
30.1/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.4/10 Clients & Experience5.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Digital Marketing70% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
30.2/40.015/20 Reviews9.8/10 Clients & Experience5.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
32.7/40.016.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Digital Marketing40% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Brooklyn, NY
Ability to deliver
31.5/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Digital Marketing10% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Brooklyn, NY
Ability to deliver
34/40.018.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
30.2/40.016.6/20 Reviews8.3/10 Clients & Experience5.3/10 Market PresenceService focus
68% Digital Marketing32% Other -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr50 - 249New York, NY
Ability to deliver
31.5/40.018/20 Reviews9.1/10 Clients & Experience4.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
95% Digital Marketing5% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
29/40.017/20 Reviews6.9/10 Clients & Experience5.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
85% Digital Marketing15% Other -
$25,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
30.6/40.015.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5/10 Market PresenceService focus
65% Digital Marketing35% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
31.4/40.016.4/20 Reviews9.3/10 Clients & Experience5.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Digital Marketing40% Other -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Grand Island, NY
Ability to deliver
32.9/40.017.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Digital Marketing50% Other -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9Babylon, NY
Ability to deliver
31/40.017.6/20 Reviews8.3/10 Clients & Experience5.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Digital Marketing30% Other
Latest Digital Marketing Articles
See all articles
How Brands Make Decisions With Less Attribution Data in 2026
Brands in 2026 are making smarter marketing decisions with 40-60% less attribution data. Discover how leading teams use incrementality, MMM, first-party...
New York Digital Marketing Agency FAQs
A New York-based digital marketing agency understands the pace and competitiveness of the nation’s largest media market. These professionals often offer strategic advantages such as:
- Direct relationships with national publishers headquartered in Manhattan
- Firsthand insight into borough-level trends and micro-communities
- Experience scaling campaigns for Fortune 500 brands and high-growth startups alike
If your target audience includes coastal tastemakers, investors, or press outlets, hiring locally can shorten lead times and open doors that remote firms can’t.
Budgets for hiring a local agency vary based on several key variables like project scope, creative requirements, and team expertise. Based on data gathered by Clutch, here’s what clients can expect:
- Hourly Consulting: $150 – $200+ per hour
- Monthly Retainer: $5,000 – $25,000+
- Project-Based (e.g., website launch, 3-month campaign): $20,000 – $150,000
Boutique agencies may offer sliding-scale pricing for nonprofits or startups, while larger shops often bundle media spend, creative, and analytics into a single retainer.
Digital marketing agencies based in the state of New York are industry-agnostic but show strong depth in the following sectors and niches:
- Fashion and luxury retail
- Financial services and fintech
- Healthcare and life sciences
- Real estate and proptech
- Entertainment, media, and sports
- Hospitality, and food and beverage
Given the state’s diverse economy, you can also find specialists in B2B SaaS, nonprofit advocacy, and multilingual campaigns for global brands.
- Define goals—brand awareness, lead gen, e-commerce sales, etc.
- Shortlist agencies with case studies in your sector or channel.
- Review Clutch client feedback for strategy, communication, and ROI.
- Ask about senior-level involvement, reporting cadence, and tool stack.
- Start with a pilot project or 3-month retainer before committing long-term.
Use Clutch filters to compare digital marketing agency New York profiles by budget, team size, and verified ratings.
- Guaranteed rankings or overnight results (SEO takes time).
- Vague reporting or refusal to share performance data.
- One-size-fits-all proposals with little market research.
- High staff turnover—you want consistent account leadership.
- Lack of transparency about paid media spend or third-party vendors.